Assessing model performance in forecasting long-term individual tree diameter versus basal area increment for the primary Acadian tree species

نویسندگان

  • Matthew B. Russell
  • Aaron R. Weiskittel
  • John A. Kershaw
چکیده

Tree basal area (ba) or diameter at breast height (dbh) are universally used to represent tree secondary growth in individual tree based growth models. However, the long-term implications of using either ba or dbh for predictions are rarely fully assessed. In this analysis, Dba and Ddbh increment equations were fit to identical datasets gathered from six conifer and four hardwood species grown in central Maine. The performance of Dba and Ddbh predictions from nonlinear mixed-effects models were then compared with observed growth measurements of up to 29 years via a Monte Carlo simulation. Two evaluation statistics indicated substantial improvement in forecasting dbh using Ddbh rather than Dba. Root mean squared error (RMSE) and percentage mean absolute deviation (MAD%) were reduced by 14% and 15% on average, respectively, across all projection length intervals (5–29 years) when Ddbh was used over Dba. Differences were especially noted as projection lengths increased. RMSE and MAD% were reduced by 24% when Ddbh was employed over Dba at longer projection lengths (up to 29 years). Simulations found that simulating random effects rather than using local estimates for random effects performed as well or better at longer interval lengths. These results highlight the implications that selecting a growth model dependent variable can have and the importance of incorporating model uncertainty into the growth projections of individual tree based models. Résumé : La surface terrière de l’arbre (G) ou le diamètre à hauteur de poitrine (D) sont universellement utilisés pour représenter la croissance secondaire dans les modèles de croissance d’arbre individuel. Cependant, les implications à long terme de l’emploi de G ou D pour les prédictions sont rarement pleinement évaluées. Dans cette analyse, les équations d’accroissement DG et DD ont été ajustées à des ensembles de données identiques recueillies à partir de six conifères et quatre feuillus dans le centre du Maine. La performance des prédictions de DG et DD à l’aide des modèles non linéaires à effets mixtes a été comparée aux mesures de croissance prises sur une période de 29 ans en utilisant une simulation de Monte Carlo. Deux statistiques d’évaluation indiquent une amélioration substantielle de la prédiction de D en utilisant DD plutôt que DG. Lorsque DD a été utilisé à la place de DG, l’écart type résiduel et l’écart moyen absolu en pourcentage ont été réduits respectivement de 14 et 15 % en moyenne pour tous les horizons de projection (5–29 ans). Ces différences étaient particulièrement marquées lorsque les horizons de projection s’allongeaient. En effet, l’écart type résiduel et l’écart moyen absolu en pourcentage ont été réduits de 24 % lorsque DD a été employé au lieu de DG pour les horizons de projection plus longs (jusqu’à 29 ans). Les simulations ont montré que la simulation des effets aléatoires performe aussi bien sinon mieux que les estimations locales des effets aléatoires lorsque les horizons sont longs. Ces résultats mettent en évidence, d’une part, les impacts causés par la sélection de la variable dépendante pour un modèle de croissance et, d’autre part, l’importance d’intégrer l’incertitude des modèles dans les projections de croissance par des modèles d’arbre individuel. [Traduit par la Rédaction]

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تاریخ انتشار 2011